Who can invest in private markets?

In the United States, private securities offerings are restricted. The Securities Act of 1933 requires that securities either be registered with the SEC (a costly, time-consuming process) or qualify for an exemption. The exemptions most relevant to private equity and pre-IPO offerings are Regulation D (for U.S. investors) and Regulation S (for non-U.S. investors).

These exemptions define the categories of investors who may legally participate. Understanding where you sit within this framework is the starting point for accessing private market investments through platforms like Portera.

Note: This article provides general information about the U.S. regulatory framework and is not legal or investment advice. You should consult qualified legal and financial advisors regarding your specific situation.

The accredited investor standard

The accredited investor standard, defined under Rule 501 of Regulation D, is the baseline eligibility threshold for most private securities offerings. An individual qualifies as an accredited investor if they meet one or more of the following criteria:

• Income test: Individual income exceeding $200,000 (or $300,000 jointly with a spouse or spousal equivalent) in each of the two most recent years, with a reasonable expectation of the same income level in the current year.
• Net worth test: Individual or joint net worth exceeding $1 million, excluding the value of the primary residence.
• Professional knowledge: Holders of FINRA Series 7, 65, or 82 licenses in good standing, or individuals determined by the SEC to have demonstrable investment knowledge and expertise.

Entities (trusts, LLCs, corporations) may also qualify as accredited investors based on asset thresholds, or if all equity owners individually qualify.

Qualified purchasers: a higher bar

The Investment Company Act of 1940 introduces a separate, higher-threshold category: the qualified purchaser. This designation applies to offerings by funds that rely on Section 3(c)(7) of the Act, commonly used by large, institutional-grade private funds that wish to exceed the 100-investor limit applicable to 3(c)(1) funds.

An individual qualifies as a qualified purchaser if they own at least $5 million in investments (as defined by the SEC). Entities qualify if they own and invest on a discretionary basis at least $25 million in investments, or if they are trusts for the benefit of qualified purchasers. Family-owned companies are treated separately.

The practical significance: the 3(c)(7) structure allows funds to accept up to 2,000 investors, compared to the 100-investor cap under 3(c)(1). For platform-based private market investing, it's a meaningful structural advantage. More qualified investors get access to institutional-grade fund offerings.

Reg D and Reg S

Regulation D provides exemptions from SEC registration for private placements to U.S. investors. The two most commonly used exemptions are:

• Rule 506(b): Permits sales to up to 35 non-accredited but sophisticated investors and an unlimited number of accredited investors, with no general solicitation permitted.
• Rule 506(c): Permits general solicitation (including public advertising) but requires that all purchasers be verified accredited investors, and that the issuer takes reasonable steps to verify accredited investor status.

Regulation S provides a safe harbour from SEC registration for offers and sales of securities made outside the United States to non-U.S. persons. Under Reg S, issuers may sell to foreign investors (qualified individuals in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and elsewhere) without SEC registration, provided the transaction occurs offshore and meets specific conditions designed to prevent flowback into U.S. markets.

Portera structures its U.S. offerings under Regulation D and its international offerings under Regulation S, so a global investor base can participate on the same platform with a unified on-chain compliance architecture.

Cross-border access

One of the most underappreciated barriers in private markets is the complexity of cross-border participation. A qualified investor based in the UAE, Singapore, or Germany who wishes to invest in a U.S. private equity fund traditionally faces a maze of regulatory, legal, and operational hurdles:

• Fund subscription documents often run to hundreds of pages and require legal review in multiple jurisdictions.
• Investor eligibility verification must be conducted manually under both U.S. and local rules.
• Wire transfers across currencies and correspondent banking systems introduce delays and costs.
• Local regulatory restrictions (particularly in jurisdictions with capital controls) may impose additional requirements.
• Tax reporting obligations vary significantly by jurisdiction, adding ongoing compliance cost.

Many fund managers simply decline to accept non-U.S. investors below a certain asset size because the operational complexity isn't worth the effort. That leaves a large population of qualified global investors with no practical path into these funds.

On-chain compliance enforcement

Portera's on-chain compliance architecture addresses the cross-border access problem by encoding eligibility rules directly into the token contract. Every investor who participates on the platform completes a unified KYC, AML, and accreditation verification process. The outcome of that verification (jurisdiction, eligibility category, any applicable restrictions) is recorded at the wallet level in the on-chain compliance registry.

When a transfer is attempted, the smart contract queries the registry and enforces all applicable rules automatically. By protocol design, a Reg S investor in Singapore can only receive tokens issued under Reg S. A lock-up restriction prevents any transfer before the specified date, regardless of what the parties agree off-chain. These rules are enforced programmatically, making the compliance process both more rigorous and significantly faster.

The result is a platform where a qualified investor anywhere in the world can access vetted private equity and pre-IPO opportunities within a fully compliant, operationally straightforward framework. To learn more about eligibility and how to apply, contact the Portera team.